Jeg søkte litt rundt de referansene som ble gitt. Dette var det næreste jeg fant som kom med konklusjoner fra Newsome et.al.
Mountain bike activity in natural areas: impacts,
assessment and implications for management
a case study from John forrest national park, Western australia
Claire Davies and David Newsome
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/2637/1/mountain_bike_activity_in_natural_areas.pdfUtdrag (litteraturstudier):
Biophysical Impacts
The biophysical impacts of mountain biking in natural areas have not been clearly understood until very recently
(see Newsome and Davies in press). Comprehensive reviews of the literature by Sprung (2004) and Marion and
Wimpey (2007) concluded that mountain biking is no more damaging than hiking, although at the same time, it
is agreed that bikers, and hikers, would cause some environmental damage from their presence in natural areas.
Such impacts can be general trail erosion, reduction in water quality, disruption of wildlife and changes to
vegetation. Hikers and bikers have similar impacts on vegetation, preventing vegetation growth close to the trail centreline (Thurston & Reader 2001). Horses, by comparison, cause more damage than bikers as they dislodge
more material and use wider trails (Wilson & Seney 1994, White et al. 2006).
Mountain bikes can cause different types of erosion to other users (Figure 1), (Horn et al. 1994, Cessford
1995, Foreman 2003, IMBA 2007). Breaking and sliding activities loosen track surfaces, displace soil down
slopes and create ruts, berms or cupped trails. Tyre tracks are continuous and can therefore form ruts and long
rills through which it is easier for water to flow exacerbating erosional losses (Horn et al. 1994, Foreman 2003).
Impacts have been found to be more severe when bikers or hikers travelled on slopes or wet ground or when
bikers were cornering, skidding or breaking (Leung & Marion 1999, Goeft & Alder 2001, Chiu & Kriwoken
2003). Mountain bikers are also capable of travelling much further per trip than hikers. Therefore they may have
a higher spatial capacity for impact, increasing their relative impact when compared to hikers.
Utdrag konklusjon:
General Conclusion
This study explored the research on mountain biking and its impacts on natural areas. Past research has indicated
that the relative impacts of bikers and hikers in natural areas are similar. However, previous research has used
controlled passes of hikers and bikers along with general trail assessment methods to determine mountain biking
impacts. Furthermore, previous research has not adequately catalogued the impacts of mountain biking in natural
areas. Following on from Newsome (2008) and Newsome and Davies (in press) the environmental impacts of
mountain biking can be summarised as follows:
On trail impacts:
Erosion as a result of skidding
Linear ruts/trail incision
User conflict
Addition of technical trail features to existing trails
Off-trail:
Creation of informal trails
Creation of technical trail features
Reduced amenity/conservation value
Cost of management response
Min vurdering:
Det ser for meg ut til at Newsome et.al i hovedsak vurderer konstruksjoner og formasjon av nye stier som hovedproblemene. I tilegg vises det til erosjon på skogbrannhindringer som ikke har vært tenkt som veier.
Jeg ser ikke at dette er fryktelig relevant for oss. Kjenner ikke til at det er bygd masse ramper og lignende i marka, ei heller finnes det brannstier slik de har i australia.